Comprehensively strengthen the AI security barrier. Promote healthy, orderly AI development.
At present, AI is driving a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation ever deeper. The AI field has become the main battlefield of global technological competition and a new arena of strategic rivalry among major powers. The Party Central Committee attaches great importance to AI development. General Secretary Xi Jinping has issued a series of important instructions, emphasizing the need to “advance AI technological innovation, industrial development and enabling applications across the board; improve AI regulatory institutions and mechanisms; firmly grasp the initiative in AI development and governance.” We must deeply study and understand the spirit of his important instructions, unwaveringly implement the holistic approach to national security, accelerate construction of an AI security-risk prevention and treatment system, and use high-level security and high-efficiency governance to promote the healthy and orderly development of AI in China.
Chinese original
当前，人工智能引领新一轮科技革命和产业变革纵深推进，人工智能领域已成为全球科技竞争的主战场、大国战略博弈的新赛道。党中央高度重视人工智能发展，习近平总书记作出系列重要指示，强调要“全面推进人工智能科技创新、产业发展和赋能应用，完善人工智能监管体制机制，牢牢掌握人工智能发展和治理主动权”。我们要深入学习领会习近平总书记重要指示精神，坚定不移贯彻总体国家安全观，加快构建人工智能安全风险防治体系，以高水平安全、高效能治理推动我国人工智能健康有序发展。
Firmly grasp the fundamental guidance for improving AI governance
Since the 18th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made a series of important statements on improving AI governance, from the strategic perspective of “advancing leaps in China’s science and technology, industrial upgrading, and an overall leap in productive forces” and “winning the initiative in global technological competition.” We must study and understand them fully, accurately and comprehensively, focusing on the following eight aspects.
Chinese original
党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从“推动我国科技跨越发展、产业优化升级、生产力整体跃升”“赢得全球科技竞争主动权”的战略高度，对完善人工智能治理作出一系列重要论述。我们要完整、准确、全面学习领会，重点把握以下八个方面。
First, AI’s strategic position. AI is a strategic technology leading this round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, with strong spillover and catalytic “leading-goose” effects. Whoever grasps the new-economy opportunities of AI and similar fields has their finger on the pulse of the times. We must treat it as a strategic industry and integrate it into the overall framework of national development.
Chinese original
一是人工智能的战略定位。人工智能是引领这一轮科技革命和产业变革的战略性技术，具有溢出带动性很强的“头雁”效应，谁能把握人工智能等新经济发展机遇，谁就把准了时代脉搏，必须将其作为战略性产业，融入国家发展全局。
Second, the policy for AI development. We must fully exploit the advantages of the new type of whole-of-nation system, uphold self-reliance and self-strengthening, and emphasize applications. We must take innovation as the primary driving force and security as a bottom-line requirement, improve top-level design and strengthen work arrangements, promoting an overall, systematic leap in China’s comprehensive AI capabilities.
Chinese original
二是人工智能的发展方针。要充分发挥新型举国体制优势，坚持自立自强，突出应用导向。要把创新作为第一动力、把安全作为底线要求，完善顶层设计、加强工作部署，推动我国人工智能综合实力整体性、系统性跃升。
Third, AI’s value orientation. We must keep the welfare of all humanity in mind and promote AI’s healthy and orderly development in a beneficial, safe and fair direction. We must make meeting the people’s aspirations for a better life the ultimate purpose of technological innovation, closely connect AI with safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods, and address difficult problems in education, healthcare, elderly care, transport and other livelihood areas.
Chinese original
三是人工智能的价值取向。要以全人类福祉为念，推动人工智能朝着有益、安全、公平方向健康有序发展，把满足人民对美好生活的向往作为科技创新的落脚点，推动人工智能同保障和改善民生紧密结合，解决教育、医疗、养老、交通等民生领域的痛点难点。
Fourth, the approach to AI governance. We must properly coordinate development and security; accelerate the formulation and improvement of relevant laws and regulations, policy systems, application standards and ethical guidelines; build systems for technical monitoring, risk early warning and emergency response; strengthen assessment and prevention of potential risks from AI development; and safeguard the people’s interests and national security.
Chinese original
四是人工智能的治理理念。要统筹好发展和安全，加紧制定完善相关法律法规、政策制度、应用规范和伦理准则，构建技术监测、风险预警、应急响应体系，加强对人工智能发展潜在风险的研判和防范，维护人民利益和国家安全。
Fifth, AI’s priority tasks. We must continuously strengthen basic research, concentrate efforts on mastering core technologies such as high-end chips and basic software, and build indigenous, controllable and collaboratively operating AI hardware and software systems. We must promote deep integration of AI technological innovation and industrial innovation, opening new development pathways for strategic emerging industries and industries of the future.
Chinese original
五是人工智能的重点任务。要持续加强基础研究，集中力量攻克高端芯片、基础软件等核心技术，构建自主可控、协同运行的人工智能基础软硬件系统。要推动人工智能科技创新与产业创新深度融合，开辟战略性新兴产业和未来产业发展新赛道。
Sixth, AI’s practical empowerment. Fully implement the “AI+” initiative; use AI to lead a transformation of research paradigms; integrate AI with industrial development, cultural construction, livelihood protection and social governance; seize the commanding heights of industrial AI applications; and empower all industries in every respect.
Chinese original
六是人工智能的实践赋能。全面实施“人工智能+”行动，以人工智能引领科研范式变革，加强人工智能同产业发展、文化建设、民生保障、社会治理相结合，抢占人工智能产业应用制高点，全方位赋能千行百业。
Seventh, support and guarantees for AI. We must coordinate the construction of computing infrastructure, deepen the development, use and open sharing of data resources, and unlock the advantages of China’s data scale and market size. We must make integrated use of intellectual-property, fiscal and taxation, government-procurement and other policies, improve mechanisms for research support and talent evaluation, and cultivate high-caliber talent.
Chinese original
七是人工智能的支撑保障。要统筹推进算力基础设施建设，深化数据资源开发利用和开放共享，释放中国数据规模与市场体量优势。要综合运用知识产权、财政税收、政府采购等政策，完善科研保障和人才评价机制，培养高素质人才。
Eighth, international cooperation on AI. AI should be an international public good benefiting all humanity. We must conduct extensive international cooperation, help countries of the Global South strengthen technological capabilities, and bridge the global intelligence divide. We must encourage all parties to align and coordinate development strategies, governance rules and technical standards, and form at an early date a global governance framework and standards commanding broad consensus.
Chinese original
八是人工智能的国际合作。人工智能应该是造福全人类的国际公共产品。要广泛开展国际合作，帮助全球南方国家加强技术能力建设，弥合全球智能鸿沟。推动各方加强发展战略、治理规则、技术标准的对接协调，早日形成具有广泛共识的全球治理框架和标准规范。
General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important statements are farsighted, profound in thought and rich in substance, providing fundamental guidance for improving AI governance. We must deeply understand their central meaning, essential spirit and practical requirements, and consciously incorporate them into every aspect and the entire process of improving AI governance.
Chinese original
习近平总书记的一系列重要论述，高瞻远瞩、思想深邃、内涵丰富，为完善人工智能治理提供了根本遵循。我们要深刻领会把握其中蕴含的核心要义、精神实质和实践要求，自觉贯穿到完善人工智能治理的各方面和全过程。
Fully recognize the risks and challenges brought by AI development
As the core engine of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence is permeating every level of human society at unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, profoundly reshaping global economic structures, configurations of power, paradigms of innovation and the logic of social governance. We must both recognize opportunities and seize the initiative, and recognize risks and hold firm to our bottom lines.
Chinese original
人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的核心引擎，正以前所未有的速度、广度和深度渗透人类社会的各个层面，深刻重塑全球经济结构、权力格局、创新范式和社会治理逻辑。我们既要看到机遇、抢占先机，也要认清风险、守牢底线。
First, systemic effects on the political-security environment. As of June 2026, China had more than 500 million users of artificial intelligence products, and daily token usage had exceeded 140 trillion. AI applications have rapidly become widespread. Various hostile forces and people with ulterior motives are abusing generative AI technologies—including deepfake audio and video, AI-generated text and images, and intelligent online influence accounts—to fabricate political rumors, disseminate harmful information and incite antagonistic sentiment at low cost and on a mass scale. They are conducting public-opinion warfare and cognitive warfare against us, directly threatening our political security, institutional security and ideological security.
Chinese original
一是系统性影响政治安全环境。截至2026年6月，我国人工智能产品用户规模超过5亿人，日均词元调用量突破140万亿，人工智能应用已快速全面铺开。各种敌对势力和别有用心之人滥用深度伪造音视频、AI生成图文、智能水军等生成式人工智能技术，低成本、批量化炮制政治谣言、传播有害信息、煽动对立情绪，对我实施舆论战、认知战，直接威胁我政治安全、制度安全、意识形态安全。
Second, a disruptive escalation in the dynamics of cyberattack and defense. Marked by the recent release of the large models “Mythos” (Claude Mythos) and “Cyber” (GPT-5.5-Cyber) by US technology companies, AI technology is significantly increasing the efficiency of vulnerability discovery and malware development, as well as their degree of weaponization. Cyberattack and defense are entering a new stage of industrial-scale vulnerability discovery, fully automated attack and defense, and AI versus AI. Some countries and organizations have acquired the ability to discover vulnerabilities rapidly and in bulk, automatically link together attack paths, and complete complex hacking tasks. This substantially lowers the technical barriers and costs of carrying out cyberattacks, creating serious risks and vulnerabilities for China’s critical information infrastructure.
Chinese original
二是颠覆性升级网络攻防态势。以美国科技公司近期推出的“神话”（Claude Mythos）、“赛博”（GPT-5.5-Cyber）大模型为标志，人工智能技术正显著提升网络漏洞挖掘、恶意软件开发效率和武器化水平，网络攻防进入漏洞工业化、攻防全自动、AI对AI的新阶段，部分国家、组织具备快速批量挖掘漏洞、自动串联攻击路径、完成复杂黑客任务的能力，大幅拉低实施网络攻击的技术门槛与成本投入，对我国关键信息基础设施带来严重风险隐患。
Third, amplification of the risks of secret theft and leakage on a large scale. Foreign espionage and intelligence agencies are making extensive use of technologies such as intelligent web crawlers, intelligent data mining and intelligent profiling to collect and acquire vast quantities of sensitive information and data, including critical national data, trade secrets and citizens’ private personal information. Some domestic users lack sufficient security awareness and use foreign AI products to process sensitive information and transmit data overseas, causing large-scale leakage of domestic data. Open-source AI agent tools such as “Lobster,” which became a sensation and reached a broad audience in the first half of 2026, also have structural problems, including the possibility that device-management permissions can be controlled remotely and users’ sensitive information leaked.
Chinese original
三是规模性放大窃密泄密风险。境外间谍情报机关深度运用智能网络爬虫、智能数据挖掘、智能画像分析等技术，大肆搜集获取国家关键数据、商业秘密、公民个人隐私等敏感信息数据。国内部分用户安全意识不足，使用境外人工智能产品处理敏感信息和向境外输出数据，造成境内数据大规模外泄。2026年上半年爆火“出圈”的“龙虾”等开源人工智能体工具，也存在设备管理权限被远程操控、用户敏感信息泄露等结构性问题。
Fourth, monopolistic practices that intensify imbalances in technological development. Certain countries exploit the advantages they have accumulated in basic AI theory, model architectures and core computing power. In the name of “safeguarding national security,” they use entity lists, technology controls, monopolization of industry standards and closed-source ecosystems to severely restrict other countries’ access to cutting-edge technologies and equipment and their ability to improve their capacity for scientific and technological innovation. These practices fragment global AI industrial and supply chains and intensify imbalances in the development of the global AI industry.
Chinese original
四是垄断性加剧科技发展失衡。有关国家利用在人工智能基础理论、模型架构、核心算力等方面积累的优势，以“维护国家安全”之名，通过制定实体清单、实施技术管制、垄断行业标准、建立闭源生态等手段，严格限制相关国家引进前沿技术设备、提升科技创新能力，割裂全球人工智能产业链、供应链，加剧全球智能产业发展失衡。
Fifth, structural disruption of systems of social governance. AI applications introduce considerable uncertainty into social governance and public order. Algorithmic “black boxes” and data “poisoning” may amplify existing social prejudices; misuse of personal information in the course of using data may trigger a crisis of user trust; and automated decision-making by systems creates difficulties in determining responsibility. In particular, the rapid development of AI has exceeded the bounds of traditional frameworks for technology governance, leaving existing legal norms, ethical principles and governance mechanisms repeatedly lagging behind in practice and making it difficult to establish effective institutional constraints and regulatory systems.
Chinese original
五是结构性冲击社会治理体系。人工智能应用对社会治理和公共秩序带来大量不确定性因素，算法“黑箱”、数据“投毒”可能放大已有社会偏见，数据使用过程中的个人信息滥用可能引发用户信任危机，系统自动决策造成责任归属难题，特别是人工智能高速发展突破了传统技术治理框架，导致现有法律规范、伦理原则与治理机制在实践中频频滞后，难以形成有效的制度约束和监管体系。
Sixth, a fundamental transformation in the forms of military struggle. AI technology is driving warfare into the age of intelligentization. Whoever can use algorithms to achieve finer-grained perception, more accurate judgment and more precise strikes can seize the initiative on the battlefield. For example, in the US–Israel–Iran conflict, the military application of AI has brought about AI-enabled intelligence integration, decision assistance, target recognition, operational support and cognitive shaping. AI is moving from a “supporting role” on the battlefield to a “key role”.
Chinese original
六是根本性变革军事斗争形态。人工智能技术正在推动战争形态进入智能化时代，谁能通过算法实现更精细的感知、更精准的判断、更精确的打击，谁就能掌握战场主动权。如美以伊冲突中，人工智能军事化应用催生情报智能融合、决策智能辅助、目标智能识别、实战智能支持、认知智能塑造，人工智能正在从战场“辅助配角”变成“关键角色”。
Systematically advance the priority measures for AI governance
Confronting the complex risks and challenges arising from the rapid, iterative development of AI technology, we must take General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important statements as our fundamental guide, fully implement the reform arrangements in the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan for modernizing the national security system and capabilities, accelerate improvements in AI governance, and effectively prevent and defuse security risks in the AI field.
Chinese original
面对人工智能技术快速迭代发展带来的复杂风险挑战，我们要以习近平总书记系列重要论述为根本遵循，全面落实“十五五”规划关于推进国家安全体系和能力现代化的改革部署，加快提升人工智能治理水平，有效防范化解人工智能领域安全风险。
First, uphold the Party’s comprehensive leadership. Thoroughly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, particularly General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thinking on building China into a cyber power. Uphold Party management of the internet and Party management of data; incorporate AI governance into the overall plans for building a cyber power and Digital China; strengthen top-level design; improve the governance framework; maintain the correct orientation; and translate the advantages of Party leadership into effective AI governance, guiding AI in a positive direction and toward the good, with steady and sustained progress.
Chinese original
一是坚持党的全面领导。深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想特别是习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想，坚持党管互联网、党管数据，把人工智能治理纳入网络强国、数字中国建设整体布局，强化顶层设计，完善治理框架，坚持正确导向，把党的领导优势转化为人工智能治理效能，引领人工智能向上向善、行稳致远。
Second, strengthen the combined force of system-level operations. Firmly establish a broad conception of security; deeply integrate AI security into security work in other priority fields; fully exploit the advantages of the new type of whole-of-nation system; establish and improve mechanisms for cooperation across fields and departments; systematically strengthen the pooling and sharing of capabilities, including data resources and platform infrastructure; and continuously optimize mechanisms for working consultations, coordinated action, decision-making advice, risk assessment and security review. Coordinate efforts to improve the relevant legal, strategic, policy, and risk-prevention and control systems, forming a unified overall effort to safeguard AI security.
Chinese original
二是提升体系作战合力。牢固树立大安全理念，把人工智能安全深度融入其他重点领域安全工作，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，建立健全跨领域、跨部门协作机制，系统强化数据资源、平台设施等能力汇聚共享，持续优化工作会商、协同联动、决策咨询、风险评估、安全审查等机制，统筹推进完善相关法治体系、战略体系、政策体系、风险防控体系，形成维护人工智能安全的整体合力。
Third, strengthen risk detection and early warning. Establish and improve AI safety supervision platforms; continually expand technical tools for assessment, evaluation, testing and threat analysis; strengthen the monitoring of security risks and early warning; deepen research on major issues such as the state and trajectory of AI development; scientifically assess the potential risks posed by emerging technologies; accurately grasp the relevant patterns, developments and trends; promptly close vulnerabilities and address latent hazards; and regularly issue guidance on preventing security risks, providing direction to businesses across industries, government departments and other actors.
Chinese original
三是强化风险感知预警。建立完善人工智能安全监管平台，持续丰富评估评测、威胁分析等技术工具，加强安全风险监测预警，深化对人工智能发展态势等重大问题的研究，科学研判新兴技术带来的潜在风险，准确把握相关规律、动向、趋势，及时堵塞漏洞隐患，定期发布安全风险防范指南，为行业企业、政府部门等各类主体提供指导。
Fourth, intensify scientific and technological innovation. Intensify research efforts to achieve breakthroughs in AI’s basic principles and key core technologies, including computing chips, development frameworks and application software. Accelerate the establishment of AI infrastructure, including national and local data resource pools and a coordinated “Eastern Data–Western Computing” network. Encourage and guide governments, enterprises, research institutions and other actors to strengthen cooperation, with industry, academia and research working together to build an AI ecosystem. Ensure that key core technologies are independently controlled, firmly secure technological sovereignty, and achieve mutually reinforcing interaction and coordinated progress between innovation-driven empowerment and security governance.
Chinese original
四是加大科技创新力度。加大对人工智能领域基础原理和算力芯片、开发框架、应用软件等关键核心技术的科研攻关，加快建立国家和地方数据资源池、“东数西算”协同网络等人工智能基础设施，鼓励和引导政府、企业、科研机构等多主体加强协作，产学研协同构建人工智能生态系统，确保关键核心技术自主可控，牢牢掌握技术主权，实现创新赋能与安全治理的良性互动、协同并进。
Fifth, improve the system of legal safeguards. Fully implement the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Counterespionage Law of the People’s Republic of China. Accelerate the introduction of specialized laws and regulations governing AI technology research and development, application and supervision. Address prominent issues such as algorithm security, data protection, ethical standards, and privacy rights and interests by improving a system of regulatory rules and standards covering the entire chain of technological research and development, deployment, risk prevention and control, and the tracing of responsibility. Improve regulatory enforcement mechanisms; ensure that industry regulators, AI enterprises and other actors fully discharge their legal responsibilities; and punish, in accordance with the law, unlawful and criminal activities that use AI to steal data, create and disseminate harmful information, and carry out other such acts.
Chinese original
五是完善法治保障体系。全面贯彻实施《中华人民共和国网络安全法》《中华人民共和国反间谍法》，加快推进出台针对人工智能技术研发、应用和监管的专项法律法规，围绕算法安全、数据保护、伦理规范、隐私权益等突出问题，健全覆盖技术研发、应用落地、风险防控、责任追溯的全链条监管规则和标准体系，完善监管执法机制，压实行业监管部门、人工智能企业等各类主体的法律责任，依法惩治利用人工智能实施数据窃取、制造传播有害信息等违法犯罪活动。
Sixth, innovate in the forms of publicity and mobilization. Make use of important occasions such as April 15 National Security Education Day and National Cybersecurity Publicity Week, and use traditional media and new-media platforms and channels to vigorously publicize General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statements on AI governance. Carry out thorough policy explanations, legal interpretation, case analysis and risk alerts. Forcefully expose and criticize the actions of certain countries in erecting technological barriers and using AI to infiltrate China and steal its secrets, and counter their slander and smears, containment, suppression and blockades against China.
Chinese original
六是创新宣传动员形式。抓住“4·15”全民国家安全教育日、国家网络安全宣传周等重要节点，运用传统媒体及新媒体平台渠道，大力宣传习近平总书记关于人工智能治理的重要论述，深入做好政策宣讲、法律解读、案例剖析、风险提醒等工作，有力揭批个别国家打造技术壁垒、利用人工智能对我渗透窃密等行径，反制对我污蔑抹黑、遏压封锁。
Seventh, make international cooperation more effective. Uphold a vision of global security governance based on consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits; deepen international cooperation in scientific and technological innovation; resolutely resist hegemonism, technological barriers, closed approaches and exclusion; establish a fair and open international system of AI rules; promote technological exchanges and the open sharing of results; advance inclusive and balanced development; bridge the digital and AI divide; and guide AI to better benefit the people and the world.
Chinese original
七是深化国际合作成效。秉持共商共建共享的全球安全治理观，深化国际科技创新合作，坚决抵制霸权主义、技术壁垒、封闭排他，建立公平开放的国际人工智能规则体系，推动技术交流和成果开放共享，推进普惠均衡发展，弥合数智鸿沟，引导人工智能更好造福人民、造福世界。
Charts
Top five earlier sources
Counts show distinct recycled phrases attributed to each source. Select a count to inspect the wording.
These five account for 60 of 104 eligible recycled phrases across 37 sources.
Composition by article section
Share of Chinese text, counting letters and numbers and excluding punctuation, spaces, and section headings.
Recycled AI-related languageCCP boilerplateNo identified precursor
Publication year of the precursors
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
Appendix: All identified precursors
The true precursors of many phrases are older than the sources identified here. Searches went back only to 2017, so these are the earliest matches found within that search window, not necessarily the first uses of the wording.